Endnotes

¹ This is based on records maintained by the World Health Organization’s Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters at the Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels. To be included in this WHO database of natural disasters, a disaster should fulfill at least one of the following criteria: (1) ten or more people reported killed, (2) 100 people reported affected, (3) a call for international assistance, or (4) a declaration of a state of emergency.

² See http://www.em-dat.net

³ The census was conducted by BPS, Bappenas, and UNFPA (with the help of the international donor agencies CIDA, AusAID, and NZAID) in response to the need for accurate demographic data after the disasters in Aceh and Nias. BPS, the main agency conducting the field survey, must be congratulated on this achievement for several reasons. First, the census was prepared very quickly. By comparison, for example, preparations for the 2010 Indonesian National Census are already being made now in 2006. Second, the challenges involved in conducting a population census in the post-disaster area of Aceh and in the remote areas of Nias were enormous. These included security challenges in several conflict regions of Aceh. Third, BPS has been able to include all people in Aceh and Nias in the census. The actual work, in the form of instrument finalisation, started in June 2005, and the census date as the reference for the data was set as 15 September 2005. The data set has been publicly available since early 2006. In addition to collecting demographic data at the time of the reference date, the census also collected data on internally displaced persons (IDPs) defined as persons that, due to a natural disaster, have had to leave their usual dwelling. These IDPs could be located in tents, ruined houses, or other family houses.

⁴ In a triangular procedure, any information obtained from an interview is used only when reconfirmed by at least two other respondents.

⁵ The World Bank's estimate was based on a standard assessment technique developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, 2003).

⁶ There is no clear information yet on when the third phase will be ended. The current mandate of BRR to coordinate reconstruction in Aceh-Nias, however, will be ended in 2009.

⁷ The MDF is co-chaired by the BRR, the European Commission (EC) as the largest donor, and the World Bank as the Trustee. The steering committee of this fund comprises the Government of Indonesia, contributors, civil society, and other international NGOs and the UN. The broad representation of the steering committee was expected to allow the MDF to act as a donor coordination mechanism and a forum for dialogue on recovery policy between the Government of Indonesia and the international community.

⁸ The Master Plan was released through the President Regulation (Perpres) No. 34/2005 in April 2005. The main book, which was effectively an extended summary of the whole study, comprised 129 pages. The sectoral information which is the detailed version of the Master Plan comprised twelve books totalling 1,400 pages.

⁹ BRR might predict that the cost per house only temporarily increased and so the average cost per house in 2006 would be around US$4,000.

¹⁰ In Aceh only around 30 per cent of households have toilets with septic tanks. In Nias the percentage is even lower; i.e., around 6 per cent. Thus a large proportion of households utilise toilets without septic tanks or use a pond or river as their toilet.

¹¹ This issue has caused considerable controversy. Some local environmental groups have argued that reconstruction activities in Aceh have contributed to faster deforestation. See Sijabat (2007).

¹² Table 16 shows the old format of BRR’s budget, while Table 17 presents the new format and an additional budget of around Rp1 trillion in 2006.

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