Endnotes

¹For a definition of trade facilitation see: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/glossary_e/glossary_e.htm (accessed 26 August 2008).

²The GMS comprises Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam, as well as Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

³The GMS Economic Cooperation Program is an ADB-supported comprehensive program of economic cooperation among the countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion.

⁴For more information about the GMS, see www.adb.org/GMS/about.asp

⁵For a review of infrastructure and growth in developing countries, see Straub (2008).

⁶Gross national income (GNI) per capita is the measure now favored by the World Bank; it used to be known as gross national product (GNP) per capita.

⁷Table A3 presents detailed intra-GMS export flows. The variation in intra-GMS exports is substantial for some industries as shown in the table.

⁸See Djankov, Freund, and Pham. (2008) for a discussion of time costs in trade in general and Brooks and Hummels (forthcoming 2009) for Asia in particular.

⁹Empirical estimates were not provided.

¹⁰The model is solved using GEMPACK software (Harrison and Pearson 1996), using the RunGTAP interface.

¹¹Further details of full GTAP 7 database are available at: www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/contribute/iotables.asp.

¹²In the absence of available actual transportation cost data to produce a complete set of bilateral margins for the GTAP dataset, these transport margins are estimates (Gehlhar and McDougall 2006).

¹³There is a high probability that trade flows in the GMS region are underreported due to informal or unofficial trade in the region. Athukurola (2007) estimated these could be as high as 20–30% of trade. However, in the absence of validated estimates of these flows, we have not attempted to include them in this exercise.

¹⁴While the PRC has the largest absolute amount, only a fraction of the trade flows is attributable to the two regions belonging to the GMS.

¹⁵HIV is human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

¹⁶From a series of articles titled “Facing AIDS: Laos Thailand Report” published in the Mainichi Shimbun between 26 February and 1 March.

¹⁷See http://www.worldbank.org/transport/roads/safety.htm for more details on the road safety program.

Download this Paper [ PDF 1.6MB| 35 pages ].

Comment(s)

There are [0] comment(s) for this entry. Post a comment.