Endnotes

¹Dollar and Kraay (2001) is probably the most widely cited empirical analysis on this issue.

²Among others, Sumner (2003), in his scan of 50 years of literature on the subject, used this term and acronym; others refer to it as the growth elasticity of poverty reduction (e.g., Bourguignon 2003).

³Mongolia had a rise in income poverty within the 2002-2008 period. While Sri Lanka had declining income poverty, its Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) reported by the UNDP rose within the period, which was reported at 17.6 in 2002, but had risen to as much as 18.3 before settling at 17.8 in 2007–2008.

⁴HPI in effect measures deprivation of welfare as measured by the HDI.

⁵What she refers to as “cultural” indicators actually refer to attributes of the home, such as nature of heating, presence of bath or shower, presence of flushing toilet, level of education, etc.

⁶As Azis (2002) asserts, to conclude and recommend that “growth contributes positively to poverty reduction” is of not much use to policymakers…. (Such) studies do not really explain the mechanisms of how growth affects poverty….”

⁷Boonchit, Wichayayut and Sununtha Natenuj. 1998. The Eighth National Economic and Social Development Plan and Current Economic Adjustment. National Economic and Social Development Board Economic Research Institute (ERI) Working Paper No. 64. Bangkok: ERI.

⁸Note that the interval over which the income poverty-based PEG is derived may not exactly coincide with the 2000-2006 interval used for the HPI-based elasticity estimates due to varying periods of data availability (see 4th column of Table 2).

⁹Note that this is probably true of Viet Nam as well; unfortunately, the data was not available to permit calculation of the PEG for Viet Nam in the 1990s.

¹⁰Unfortunately, complete data (especially on poverty indicators) were not available for both Singapore and Viet Nam in the 1990s, preventing comparisons between the two decades for these countries.

¹¹Coefficients in boldface in Table 9 and subsequent tables of regression results are significant to the 5–10% level.

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