Endnotes

¹Landrace refers to varieties selected and improved by farmers. Landraces are adapted to specific ecosystem environments of farmers' farm.

²This depends to some extent on whether the species is open- or self-pollinating.

³By broadening the diversity of resistance genes and “pyramiding” multiple genes from different sources, breeders can strengthen resistance even in genetically uniform varieties.

⁴Organic agriculture is a holistic production system that promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. Organic systems rely on ecosystem management practices rather than external agricultural inputs, and exclude synthetic inputs such as synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and genetically modified seeds. Certified organic agriculture refers to products which have been produced, stored, processed and handled in accordance with organic standards and certified as “organic” by a certification body. Non-certified organic agriculture refers to products which meet the requirements of organic practice but are not certified. These products are typically produced for household consumption or sold in local markets (International Federation for Organic Agriculture Movement).

⁵Quinoa is a nutritious cereal grown on the hardiest land of the Andes in South America.

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