Endnotes

¹This section draws heavily on the Asian Development Outlook 2006 (ADB 2006).

²EU15 countries before EU enlargement in 2004 included: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom.

³There was the 1977 ASEAN Preferential Trading Arrangement and the Bangkok Agreement, but they were selective tariff liberalization and not FTAs.

⁴There was the 1977 ASEAN Preferential Trading Arrangement and the Bangkok Agreement, but they were selective tariff liberalization and not FTAs.

⁵Proposed refers to where countries are considering an FTA, establishing a joint study group or task force, or conducting feasibility study.

⁶The large number of FTAs in Singapore reflects its need to secure market access because of its extreme dependence on export markets. Singapore's high success rate in negotiations reflects its lack of agricultural exports and its willingness to completely open up its goods sectors and rapidly open up its services sectors to foreign competition.

⁷The lack of bilateral FTAs in the CLMV countries reflects their reluctance to open up to international competition as well as the lack of interest in their markets by large economies. CLMV FTAs are mainly ASEAN-centric and entered into upon provisions for regional cooperation and capacity building.

⁸The ASEAN rules of origin document is available in full on the ASEAN Secretariat's website (www.aseansec.org).

⁹This supersedes the 1987 ASEAN Agreement for the Promotion and Protection of Investments and its 1996 protocol.

¹⁰ASEAN also agreed to form the ASEAN Security Community and the ASEAN Socio-cultural Community.

¹¹The ASEAN Charter came into force in December 2008 as the constitution of ASEAN.

¹²Shujiro Urata in a verbal commentary on the author's draft paper.

¹³See for example, Kawai and Wignaraja (2007).

¹⁴Russia was invited to the First East Asia Summit as an observer.

¹⁵For a list of CGE studies on ASEAN, ASEAN+1 and ASEAN+3, see Kawai and Wignaraja (2007).

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