Endnotes

¹For example, an international airport or seaport which enhances regional or international connectivity.

²A vast literature exists on impact of infrastructure on regional integration. One can refer, for example, Brooks and Menon (2008), and ADB-JBIC-WB (2005), among others.

³This refers average annual growth rate for the period 2000 to 2006 for ASEAN+4 countries, calculated based on World Development Indicators 2008, World Bank.

⁴A vast literature exists on estimation of infrastructure investment needs in Asia in recent years. One can refer, Fay and Yepes (2003), Chatterton and Pureto (2005), ADB-JBIC-WB (2005), ESCAP (2006), RIS (2007), to mention a few.

⁵This has been argued by ADB in many of their seminal publications and RCI activities. Refer, for example, ADB (2006b).

⁶While dealing with crossborder infrastructure projects, we follow the definition of crossborder infrastructure, provided by ADB/ADBI (reproduced in Appendix 1 [ PDF 18.7KB | 1 page ]).

⁷See, Appendix 2 [ PDF 22.9KB | 1 page ] (a) which provides the year-wise trend in PSI and Appendix 2(b) the same by regions.

⁸Refer to Appendix 2(a).

⁹Refer Appendix 3 [ PDF 28.7KB | 2 page ] (a, b) which provides region-wise crossborder infrastructure.

¹⁰A greenfield project allows a private entity or a public-private joint venture builds and operates a new facility for the period specified in the project contract. The facility may return to the public sector at the end of the contract period, or may remain in private ownership

¹¹There were also changes in the list of the 10 most active sponsors (ranked by investment). Only 3 of the top 10 sponsors in 1990–2000 were still among the top 10 in 2001–2006, and 4 of the top 10 were developing country investors (de Mästle and Izaguirre 2008).

¹²We only consider national infrastructure which has crossborder implications.

¹³See Appendix 4 [ PDF 102.2KB | 12 page ] for list of private sector investors in airports and seaports in Asia. This does not consider private sector investors in downstream.

¹⁴We only consider case studies of some successful CBIPs here; a few more are listed in Appendix 6 [ PDF 33.9KB | 3 page ].

¹⁵Refer to http://www.namtheun2.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98&Itemid=112.

¹⁶System avoided cost is the marginal cost of the same volume of energy that Thailand should have acquired or generated by other sources such as fuel, gas and coal taking least cost plan into account. Under this principle, the cost of energy generated by a Lao project shall be lower than the Thai system avoided cost. Difference between Thai System Avoided Cost and Lao Generation Cost will be shared by EGAT and IPP owner.

¹⁷See, for example, ADB (2005a), Macro-economic Impacts of the Nam Theun 2 Project, Manila, February

¹⁸This was the first ODA loan by JBIC for a crossborder infrastructure development project embracing two countries

¹⁹The Indian Prime Minister laid the foundation stone of this plant during his visit to Bhutan in May 2008.

²⁰This plant was officially inaugurated by the King of Bhutan and the Indian Prime Minister, during the visit of the Indian Prime Minister to Bhutan in May 2008.

²¹Specifically, this transmission project involved construction of the transmission lines (1,166 kms.) from Siliguri in West Bengal via Bihar to Mandola in Uttar Pradesh. For further details, visit, http://www.powerlinkstransmission.com

²²The TAGP concept was initially proposed in 1997 as part of ASEAN's “Vision 2020” initiative. In July 2002, energy ministers from the ASEAN countries signed a memorandum of understanding to study the viability of the project, although much work remains to be completed to fully realize the project's goals (for more information, see ASEAN's Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation, 2004–2009 ).

²³A subsidiary of Unocal, further to its acquisition of Unocal in 2005.

²⁴The Yetagun gas field was suspended supplying gas to Thailand on 2 April 2008 due to gas pipeline leakages.

²⁵Petronas became involved in Yetagun through the acquisition of Texaco's 30% project interest in 1997.

²⁶This initiative was adopted at a meeting of South American presidents held in Brasilia, Brazil, in August 2000 at which the region's leaders agreed to take joint actions to promote South American political, social, and economic integration that includes the streamlining of regional infrastructure and specific measures to foster the integration and development of isolated subregions.

²⁷The Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA) is a dialogue forum among the South American countries, which seeks to promote the development of transport, energy and telecommunications infrastructure from a regional viewpoint, aimed at physical integration of the 12 South American countries and the achievement of an equitable and sustainable territorial development pattern. About US$68.27 billion, comprising 508 infrastructure projects, having direct or indirect crossborder implications, have been identified for investments across 12 Latin American countries, of which 12 projects are being executed under PPP. Source: IIRSA.

²⁸See, for example, Kuroda et al. (2007), Nag (2007), to mention a few.

²⁹Here, we have example of India's Viability Gap Funding (VGF), which has been pursued for making an infrastructure project commercially viable. Pakistan has also introduced VGF in 2006. VGF or Grant means a grant one-time or deferred, provided under this Scheme with the objective of making a project commercially viable. See, Appendix 5 [ PDF 11.5KB | 1 page ], for further details.

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